"Do berço à sepultura" – como a Segurança Social mudou tudo nas nossas vidas | Dossier: Sucessos do Estado Social
Desde o fim do século XIX que os primeiros programas de seguro social obrigatório foram instituídos em alguns países europeus, mas só em 1948 é que a Assembleia Geral das Nações Unidas definiu, na Declaração Universal dos Direitos do Homem, o direito à Segurança Social. Alguns países, como a Alemanha ou o Brasil, chegaram mesmo a instituir o direito à Segurança Social nas suas Constituições, mas a nível global poucos países seguiram essa via na altura.
Hoje, muito embora de forma muito desigual, vários países têm regimes de protecção social e estima-se que 50% da população mundial tenha acesso a protecção social, mas que apenas 20% tenha uma cobertura considerada adequada.
Atualmente o papel social vital dos sistemas de Segurança Social é inegável e a maioria dos investigadores considera que as políticas de apoio social têm importância capital não só no plano social mas também no plano económico, funcionando como um fator de desenvolvimento económico, melhorando a eficiência económica dos países e contribuindo decisivamente para o desenvolvimento económico e social a longo termo. A solidariedade inter e intra geracional, que é base de qualquer sociedade avançada, depende de um sistema de Segurança Social forte e abrangente.
Em Portugal desenvolveu-se um proto sistema previdencial criado em 1935, mas mesmo a ditadura do Estado Novo considerou que era insuficiente, pois poucas pessoas eram abrangidas e raros eram os riscos sociais que estavam cobertos. Mais tarde, em 1962, foi feita uma reforma do sistema previdencial que alargou o número de pessoas que podiam usufruir do sistema de protecção social, mas a abrangência material continuava muito limitada.
A proteção social universal da Segurança Social só se efetivou depois da Revolução de 25 de abril de 1974 com a instauração do Estado Social e da Democracia, embora de forma muito pequena em comparação com outros países europeus.
A Constituição da República de 1976 firmou um Contrato Social que garantia direitos de cidadania, nomeadamente cívicos e políticos, e a proteção universal a riscos sociais, assim como o acesso universal a cuidados de saúde e de educação. Estes riscos sociais foram ampliados nas décadas de ’70 e ’80 do século passado e cristalizaram-se nos protegidos pela Segurança Social moderna de hoje, nomeadamente a proteção na doença, na parentalidade, no desemprego, na invalidez ou na velhice.
Só em 1984, no entanto, é que se publicou a primeira Lei da Segurança Social que fixou os princípios do sistema de acordo com o estabelecido pela Constituição: Universalidade, unidade, igualdade, eficácia, descentralização, garantia judiciária, solidariedade e participação.
Para que exista protecção social, cada cidadã e cidadão com capacidade para trabalhar é obrigado a contribuir para a Segurança Social e cabe ao Estado utilizar técnicas atuariais de redistribuição do custo dos riscos em toda a sociedade.
Assim, a Segurança Social actual é financiada por quotizações dos trabalhadores, por contribuições das entidades empregadoras e por transferências do Orçamento de Estado, ou seja, dos impostos. Na verdade, as três fontes que alimentam o sistema previdencial têm a sua origem no trabalho, pelo que não é nenhum exagero dizer que a Segurança Social sempre foi sustentada e mantida pelos trabalhadores e pelas trabalhadoras.
Chegados ao final do século XX iniciou-se um debate intenso sobre o financiamento e a sustentabilidade dos sistemas de Segurança Social na Europa. Em Portugal o sistema previdencial foi dado como “insustentável” enquanto bancos e instituições financeiras começavam a vender as suas próprias soluções financeiras para a protecção na velhice como os planos poupança-reforma.
A discussão sobre as fontes de financiamento da Segurança Social foi enviesada e centrada nos problemas demográficos que iriam, “mais cedo ou mais tarde”, levar à ruína do sistema. Pelo caminho esqueceram-se de explicar que as transferências do Orçamento de Estado raramente foram realizadas e que os Governos ficaram a dever milhares de milhões de euros ao fundo de estabilização e não procuraram novas formas de financiamento da Segurança Social que continua a basear-se nas lógicas do século XIX. O resultado deste debate foi a introdução em 1998 do chamado “fator de sustentabilidade” e a diminuição do valor das pensões. Hoje, um jovem que entre no mercado de trabalho e que consiga – miraculosamente – contribuir toda a sua vida poderá, quando se reformar, não ver mais do que 54% do seu último salário.
Nos últimos anos a Segurança Social tem sido alvo de enormes ataques pelos governantes. A 2 de janeiro de 2012, Passos, Gaspar e Mota Soares viram o Presidente Cavaco Silva promulgar a lei da transferência dos fundos de pensões da banca para a Segurança Social com o objectivo de meter nas contas públicas uma receita fictícia adicional de 6 mil milhões de euros. O Primeiro-ministro assumiu logo que essa receita não iria para o fundo de capitalização da Segurança Social mas sim para pagar o défice e, assim, todos os contribuintes passaram a ter de pagar as pensões de 27 mil bancários sem que tivesse havido um reforço de dinheiro para o fazer; aliás, muitos especialistas consideraram que as tábuas de mortalidade (ou tábuas actuariais) estavam mal calculadas e que o prejuízo iria ser muito maior (ver mais info aqui).
Apenas 12 meses depois a Segurança Social apresentou pela primeira vez em mais de 10 anos resultados negativos e o buraco foi de mais de mil milhões de euros.
Agora o suposto debate sobre a “refundação do Estado Social” e os tais cortes de 4.000 milhões de euros vão abrir de novo a caixa de pandora da Segurança Social. Numa altura em que as pessoas precisam mais de apoio porque a crise económica causada pelo regime de austeridade lhes estar a roubar rendimentos e empregos, Passos, Gaspar e Mota Soares cortam na Segurança Social como nunca e preparam-se para cortar ainda mais.
Os governantes e a troika dirão que o caminho actual é insustentável e que são necessários cortes no subsídio de desemprego (que hoje nem abrange mais de 43% dos desempregados), no rendimento social de inserção (que em agosto de 2012 foi retirado a mais de 10 mil famílias carenciadas) e cortes de 20% nas pensões (como aconselhava o relatório do FMI), mas não os veremos assumir que a crise económica por eles causada fez com que em apenas 2 anos se causassem estragos à sustentabilidade da Segurança Social tão graves como os que poderiam resultar de décadas do problema demográfico.
Hoje muitas das coisas que damos por adquiridas, como o apoio no desemprego, na velhice, na doença ou na parentalidade, estão em risco e, sabendo que há 40 anos as pessoas não tinham direito a esse apoio, cabe a cada um de nós elevar alto os conceitos de “cidadão” e de “sociedade” e lutar para que o Governo e a troika não consigam impor uma sociedade menos solidária e mais desigual.
Fontes:
Fernando Ribeiro Mendes, “Por onde vai a Segurança Social Portuguesa”, Análise Social, vol. XXX, 1995
João Araújo, A Segurança Social no debate político-ideológico, 1998, PCP.
International Social Security Association
Nota: “Do berço à sepultura” foi uma expressão usada pelo político inglês Lord Beveridge, um dos primeiros a defender um sistema previdencial de apoio aos mais pobres.
Vê Dossier completo aqui.




Preenchida por conhecer melhor a razão e origem das “coisas”, mas com uma sensação de revolta… Quem rouba o futuro de um país, não se pode intitular de governante!
Será que estes senhores, no mínimo, se lembram ter filhos e netos? Será que não sentem a vergonha de destruir o que tantos lutaram por conquistar?
Basta optar por começarem a ter vergonha na cara… depois sim, começaremos a lidar com os verdadeiros problemas do sistema, incluindo o sistema social.
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